A couple of things
To generate a HEMP that will propagate over long distances the detonation must be higher than 6 miles or so (interestingly enough passenger airliners tend to fly at right around that altitude). Below that altitude the greater density of the atmosphere acts to slow down/stop the electrons generated from the blast before they have a chance to interact with the Earth's magnetic field.
To potentially affect the entire continental US a device would need to be detonated higher than 250+ above the surface. At that altitude the entire US is in direct line of sight of the detonation. The earth itself served to block the energy generated so areas below the horizon are not directly affected.
That being said a detonation at 30 miles in altitude would still affect an area almost 500 miles in diameter (all of New England or SoCal).
Small stand alone devices (like the flashlight in the OP question) are generally going to be less at risk than those that are connected to phone or power lines. The long runs of said lines act as antennas which E-M will travel along.
You can quit worrying. The EMP that can shut down the whole country is a THEORY.
Yes but it's a theory that's based on observation the effects caused by actual nuclear detonations (the Fishbowl tests being the primary data source). In addition the real world effects are tested on electronic systems through the use of EMP simulators, from small ones used to test handheld equipment all the way up to the monster ATLAS/Trestle test rig at Kirtland.
Back in the 60's we had a Mig-25 pilot with his aircraft defect ( we were surprised ). THe Air Force was amazed that the Russians were still using tubes- instead of transistors for much of the electronics. Our guys thought the Russians were smart- since the tubes would not be blown out by an EMP. Turns out the Russians were just too far behind yet, and hadn't managed to steal enough to go digital!
Belenko defected in the mid 70's and the Foxbat wasn't operational until 1970 (although prototypes had been flying for several years).
Two reasons: SInce when do bad guys care about property damage? If they want to destroy us...they REALLY want to destroy us. 1 mile up works quite well.
It really depends upon what the goals & capabilities are of the theoretical group intent on attacking the US.
Can you do more damage to a nation as a whole by devastating a single city (New York) or by damaging it's entire communications & power infrastructure on a national scale?
I'm sure there are some groups who would be willing to bet their money on the later...luckily they're not likely to have the capability to loft a thermonuclear device to 250 miles above the fields of Kansas.
THe EMP thing is much more difficult to actually do. One big bomb won't do anything. You need huge numbers. Not going to happen.
That opinion does not square with the majority of the published research on the topic.
For those interested the
EMP Commission's threat assessment report may be worth checking out.